A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao

Yang Yang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11

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A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao

Yang Yang^*

Published in International Journal of European Studies (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 21 November 2025 Accepted: 4 December 2025 Published: 29 December 2025

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Abstract

When Portugal and Spain embarked on global colonial expansion, on the same timeline in Asia, the Ming Dynasty still utilized the feudal tributary system to define the “small, poor, and weak” Fans. Through the Philippines as a transit port: a belligerent pirate, Limajon, a cunning broker with some knowledge of Portuguese and Spanish, Cincay, a self-aggrandizing sentry, Omocon, with the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II, they together recounted the early history between China and Spain. In academic achievements surrounding this profitable global, except for Martin de Rada, Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, Miguel de Loarca and their representative works, records, perspectives, and commentaries and dairies from Ming Dynasty officials and scholars are lacking. Liu Yaohui, the governor of Fu Jian, Du Fu Shu Yi and Zhang Bian wrote Dong Xi Yang Kao, which recorded the same historical facts, this article’s core is to demonstrate their records and their minds of ancient Fu Jian and Guang Dong’s residents, furthermore, through Fo Lang Ji, these residents had developed a negative impression of the so-called West and continued until the second globalization, this reflects the mentality behind China's Ming and Qing dynasties' 220-year maritime ban policy, this comprehensive ocean and maritime trade blockade that caused China to continuously fall into a quagmire of backwardness, China developed a severe phobia in the mid-19th century.

Published in	International Journal of European Studies (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11
Page(s)	41-48
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ming Dynasty, Felipe II, Indirect, Negative, Fo Lang Ji

References

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[4]	Gaspar de San Agustin (1698). Conquistas de las Islas Pilipinas. Madrid: En la Imprenta de Manuvel Rviz de Mvrga.
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[8]	Li Weizui (2013). A brief discussion on interpreters for Chinese in Southeast Asia during the Ming Dynasty. Ba Gui Overseas Chinese Journal, no. 01, pp. 40-43. https://doi.org/10.13307/j.issn.2096-3122.2024.03.13
[9]	Luo Zhaodong (2016). China's Tributary Trade and Sword-wielding Commerce: A Study of the Foreign Trade Policies of the Ming and Qing Dynasties from a Global Economic Perspective. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
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APA Style

Yang, Y. (2025). A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao. International Journal of European Studies, 9(2), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11

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ACS Style

Yang, Y. A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao. Int. J. Eur. Stud. 2025, 9(2), 41-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11

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AMA Style

Yang Y. A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao. Int J Eur Stud. 2025;9(2):41-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11,
  author = {Yang Yang},
  title = {A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao},
  journal = {International Journal of European Studies},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {41-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijes.20250902.11},
  abstract = {When Portugal and Spain embarked on global colonial expansion, on the same timeline in Asia, the Ming Dynasty still utilized the feudal tributary system to define the “small, poor, and weak” Fans. Through the Philippines as a transit port: a belligerent pirate, Limajon, a cunning broker with some knowledge of Portuguese and Spanish, Cincay, a self-aggrandizing sentry, Omocon, with the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II, they together recounted the early history between China and Spain. In academic achievements surrounding this profitable global, except for Martin de Rada, Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, Miguel de Loarca and their representative works, records, perspectives, and commentaries and dairies from Ming Dynasty officials and scholars are lacking. Liu Yaohui, the governor of Fu Jian, Du Fu Shu Yi and Zhang Bian wrote Dong Xi Yang Kao, which recorded the same historical facts, this article’s core is to demonstrate their records and their minds of ancient Fu Jian and Guang Dong’s residents, furthermore, through Fo Lang Ji, these residents had developed a negative impression of the so-called West and continued until the second globalization, this reflects the mentality behind China's Ming and Qing dynasties' 220-year maritime ban policy, this comprehensive ocean and maritime trade blockade that caused China to continuously fall into a quagmire of backwardness, China developed a severe phobia in the mid-19th century.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao
AU  - Yang Yang
Y1  - 2025/12/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11
T2  - International Journal of European Studies
JF  - International Journal of European Studies
JO  - International Journal of European Studies
SP  - 41
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9562
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11
AB  - When Portugal and Spain embarked on global colonial expansion, on the same timeline in Asia, the Ming Dynasty still utilized the feudal tributary system to define the “small, poor, and weak” Fans. Through the Philippines as a transit port: a belligerent pirate, Limajon, a cunning broker with some knowledge of Portuguese and Spanish, Cincay, a self-aggrandizing sentry, Omocon, with the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II, they together recounted the early history between China and Spain. In academic achievements surrounding this profitable global, except for Martin de Rada, Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, Miguel de Loarca and their representative works, records, perspectives, and commentaries and dairies from Ming Dynasty officials and scholars are lacking. Liu Yaohui, the governor of Fu Jian, Du Fu Shu Yi and Zhang Bian wrote Dong Xi Yang Kao, which recorded the same historical facts, this article’s core is to demonstrate their records and their minds of ancient Fu Jian and Guang Dong’s residents, furthermore, through Fo Lang Ji, these residents had developed a negative impression of the so-called West and continued until the second globalization, this reflects the mentality behind China's Ming and Qing dynasties' 220-year maritime ban policy, this comprehensive ocean and maritime trade blockade that caused China to continuously fall into a quagmire of backwardness, China developed a severe phobia in the mid-19th century.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Yang Yang

Estudios de Asia Oriental, Universidad de Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;Global Innovation Law and Policy, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain;Department of Legal History, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain

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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5520

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APA Style

Yang, Y. (2025). A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao. International Journal of European Studies, 9(2), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11

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ACS Style

Yang, Y. A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao. Int. J. Eur. Stud. 2025, 9(2), 41-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11

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AMA Style

Yang Y. A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao. Int J Eur Stud. 2025;9(2):41-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11,
  author = {Yang Yang},
  title = {A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao},
  journal = {International Journal of European Studies},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {41-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijes.20250902.11},
  abstract = {When Portugal and Spain embarked on global colonial expansion, on the same timeline in Asia, the Ming Dynasty still utilized the feudal tributary system to define the “small, poor, and weak” Fans. Through the Philippines as a transit port: a belligerent pirate, Limajon, a cunning broker with some knowledge of Portuguese and Spanish, Cincay, a self-aggrandizing sentry, Omocon, with the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II, they together recounted the early history between China and Spain. In academic achievements surrounding this profitable global, except for Martin de Rada, Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, Miguel de Loarca and their representative works, records, perspectives, and commentaries and dairies from Ming Dynasty officials and scholars are lacking. Liu Yaohui, the governor of Fu Jian, Du Fu Shu Yi and Zhang Bian wrote Dong Xi Yang Kao, which recorded the same historical facts, this article’s core is to demonstrate their records and their minds of ancient Fu Jian and Guang Dong’s residents, furthermore, through Fo Lang Ji, these residents had developed a negative impression of the so-called West and continued until the second globalization, this reflects the mentality behind China's Ming and Qing dynasties' 220-year maritime ban policy, this comprehensive ocean and maritime trade blockade that caused China to continuously fall into a quagmire of backwardness, China developed a severe phobia in the mid-19th century.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao
AU  - Yang Yang
Y1  - 2025/12/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11
T2  - International Journal of European Studies
JF  - International Journal of European Studies
JO  - International Journal of European Studies
SP  - 41
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9562
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11
AB  - When Portugal and Spain embarked on global colonial expansion, on the same timeline in Asia, the Ming Dynasty still utilized the feudal tributary system to define the “small, poor, and weak” Fans. Through the Philippines as a transit port: a belligerent pirate, Limajon, a cunning broker with some knowledge of Portuguese and Spanish, Cincay, a self-aggrandizing sentry, Omocon, with the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II, they together recounted the early history between China and Spain. In academic achievements surrounding this profitable global, except for Martin de Rada, Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, Miguel de Loarca and their representative works, records, perspectives, and commentaries and dairies from Ming Dynasty officials and scholars are lacking. Liu Yaohui, the governor of Fu Jian, Du Fu Shu Yi and Zhang Bian wrote Dong Xi Yang Kao, which recorded the same historical facts, this article’s core is to demonstrate their records and their minds of ancient Fu Jian and Guang Dong’s residents, furthermore, through Fo Lang Ji, these residents had developed a negative impression of the so-called West and continued until the second globalization, this reflects the mentality behind China's Ming and Qing dynasties' 220-year maritime ban policy, this comprehensive ocean and maritime trade blockade that caused China to continuously fall into a quagmire of backwardness, China developed a severe phobia in the mid-19th century.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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